Mktg 301

7) Data from a small bookstore are shown in the accompanying table. The manager wants to predict Sales from Number of Sales People Working. Number of sales people working| Sales (in $1000)| 4| 12| 5| 13| 8| 15| 10| 16| 12| 20| 12| 22| 14| 22| 16| 25| 18| 25| 20| 28| x=11. 9| y=19. 8| SD(x)=5. 30| SD(y)=5. 53| a) Find the slope estimate, b1. Use technology or the formula below to find the slope. b1=rsysx Enter x,y Data in TI-84 under STAT > STAT > CALC > 8: LinReg(a+bx) b1=1. 023 b) What does b1 mean, in this context?The slope tells how the response variable hanges for a one unit step in the predictor Thus, an additional; $1,023 of sales associated with each additional sales person working. c) Find the intercept, b0. b0=y-b1x =19. 8-1. 023(11. 9) For this problem, use technology, rounding to three decimal places. b0=7. 622 d) What does b0 mean in this contet? Is it meanful? The intercept serves as a starting value for the predicitons. It shuld only be interpreted if a 0 value for the predictor variable makes sense for the context of the situation. On average, $7,622 is expected when 0 sales people are working.It is not meaningful because it does not make sense in this context. e) Write the equation that predicts Sales from Number of Sales People Working. Recall that the slope of the equation b1=1. 023 and the intercept is b0=7. 622 Complete the equation. Sales=7. 622+1. 023 *(Number of Sales People Working) f) If 19 people are working, what sales do you predict? Substitute 19 for the number of sales people working in the equation found in the previous step and solve for Sales. Sales=7. 622+1. 023 *(Number of Sales People Working) =7. 622+1. 023*19Substitute. =27. 059Simplify. *Note that each unit of Sales represents $1000. Thus, the predicted sales for 19 people working is 27,059 dollars. g) If sales are actually $26,000, what is the value of the residual? Subtract the predicated value found in the previous step from the actual value. 26,000-27,059=-1059 Thus, t he value of the residual is -1059 dollars. h) Have the sale been overestimated or underestimated The predicted sales are $27,059 and the actual sales are $26,000. Since $27,059 > $26,000, the sales were overestimated. 13) Of the 46 individuals who responded, 25 are concerned, and 21 are not concerned. of those concerned about security are male and 5 of those not concerned are male. If a respondent is selected at random, find each of the fallowing conditional probabilities. | Male| Female| Total| Concerned| 9| 16| 25| Not Concerned| 5| 16| 21| Total| 14| 32| 46| a) The respondent is male, given that the respondent is not concerned about security. P(Male|Not Concerned) = 521 = 0. 238 b) The respondent is not concerned about security, given that is female P(Not Concered|Female) = 1632 = 0. 500 c) The respondent is female, given that the respondent is concerned about security. P(Female|Concerned) = 1625 = 0. 40 14) It was found that 76% of the population were infected with a virus, 21% were without clean water, and 18% were infected and without clean water | Clean Water| | | Yes| No| Total| Infected| 0. 58| 0. 18| 0. 76| Not Infected| 0. 21| 0. 03| 0. 24| Total| 0. 79| 0. 21| 1. 00| a) What’s the probability that a surveyed person had clean water and was not infected? .21 had clean water and was not infected 15) A survey concluded that 54. 4% of the households in a particular country have both a landline and a cell phone, 32. 6% have only cell phone services but no landline, and 4. 6% have no telephone services at all. ) What proportion of households have a landline? Begin by making a contingency table. | Cell Phone| | | Yes| No| Total| Landline| 0. 545| 0. 083| 0. 628| No Landline| 0. 326| 0. 046| 0. 372| Total| 0. 871| 0. 129| 1. 00| The completed contingency tables shows that P(landline) = 0. 628. b) Are having a cell phone and having a landline independent? Explain. Events A and B are independent when P(B|A) = P(B). To determine wheter having a cell pho ne and having a landline are indepented, find P(landline|cell phone) and P(landline). Recall from part a) that P(landline) =0. 628 PBA=P(A and B)P(A)Use the formula to find P(landline|cell phone) Plandlinecell phone=P(landline and cell phone)P(cell phone) Since the contingency table shows that P(landline and cell phone)=0. 545 and P(cell phone)=0. 871, substitute these values into the equation. Divide to find the conditional probability, rounding to three decimal places. Plandlinecell phone=0. 5450. 871=0. 626 Thus, P(landline|cell phone)=0. 626 and P(landline)=0. 628. Because 0. 626 is very close to 0. 628, having a cell phone and having a landline are probably independent. Of the households surveyed, 62. 6% with cell phones had landlines, and 62. 8% of all households did. 6) A marketing agency has developed three vacation packages to promote a timeshare plan at a new resort. They estimate that 30% of potential customers will choose the Day Plan, which does not include overnight ac commodations; 30% will choose the Overnight Plan, which includes one night at the resort; and 40% will choose the Weekend Plan, which includes two nights. a) Find the expected value of the number of nights that potential customers will need Vacation Package| Nights Included| Probability P(X=x)| | Day Plan| 0| 30100=0. 3| | Overnight Plan| 1| 30100=0. 3| | Weekend Plan| 2| 40100=0. 4| | This, P(X=0)=0. 3, P(X=1) =0. 3, and P(X=2)=0. Use the formula E(X) = ? x †¢ P(x) to detrime the expected value. E(X) = ? x †¢ P(x) = 0(0. 3) +1(0. 3) +2(0. 4) = 1. 1 There, the expected value of the number of night potential customers will need is 1. 1 b) Find the standard deviation of the number of nights potential customers will need. The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. First, Find the Variance: To do so, find the deviation of each value of X from the mean and square each deviation. The variance is the expected value of these squared deviations and is found using th e formula below. = Var(X) = ? (x –  µ)? P(x) Find the deviation for each value of X.Remember that E(x)=1. 1 Vacation Package| Nights Included| Probability P(X=x)| Deviation (x – E(X))| Day Plan| 0| 30100=0. 3| 0 – 1. 1 = -1. 1| Overnight Plan| 1| 30100=0. 3| 1 – 1. 1 = -0. 1| Weekend Plan| 2| 40100=0. 4| 2 – 1. 1 = 0. 9| Now find the variance using the formula =Var(X)=? (x –  µ)? P(x) Var(X) = ? (x –  µ)? P(x) = (-1. 1)? (0. 3) + (-0. 1)? (0. 3) + (0. 9)? (0. 4) = 0. 69 Finally, the standard deviation also known as ? is the square root of the variance. ? = Var(x) = 0. 69 = 0. 83 Therefore, the standard deviation of the number of nights potential customers will need is approximately 0. 83 nights. 7) A grocery supplier believes that in a dozen eggs, the mean number of broken eggs is 0. 2 with a standard deviation of 0. 1 eggs. You buy 3 dozen eggs without checking them. a) How many broken eggs do you get? The expected value of t he sum of random variables is the sum of the expected values of each idividula random variable. Find the sum of the expected values where X is the total number of broken eggs in the three dozen, and X, X, X Represent the three individual dozen eggs. E(X) = E(X1) + EX2+ EX3 = 0. 2 + 0. 2 + 0. 2 = 0. 6 Therefore, the expected value of X is 0. 6 eggs. b) What’s the standard deviation?The variance of the sum of independent variables is the sum of their individual variances. Find the variance for each carton, add the variances, and then take the square root of the sum to find the standard deviation. The variance of each individual dozen is the square of each dozens standard deviation. Var(X1) = Var(X2) = Var(X3) = 0. 12= 0. 01 Find the sum of the variances to find the variance of the sum. Var(X) = VarX1+ VarX2+ VarX3 = 0. 01 + 0. 01 + 0. 01 = 0. 03 Recall that the standard deviation is the square root of the variance. Find the standard deviation. SD(X) = Var(x) = 0. 03 = 0. 17Ther efore, the standard deviation is 0. 17 eggs c) What assumptions did you have to make about the eggs in order to answer this question? The variance for the sum of random variables is only the sun of variances of each random variable in certain cases. Review the assumption that must be made to allow the variance to be the sum of the individual variances. 18) An insurance company estimates that it should make an annual profit of $260 on each homeowner’s policy written, with a standard deviation of $6000. a) Why is the standard deviation so large? Home insurance is used to protect the owner financially in the event of a problem.If a catastrophe occurs, then the insurance company will cover the cost of the damage. If a catastrophe never occurs, then the insurance company pays nothing. Meanwhile, the owner pays the insurance company at regular intervals whether or not a catastrophe occurs. The expected value is the mean annual profit on all of the policies and the standard deviatio n is a measure of how much annual profits can differ from the mean. Use this information with the fact that claims are rare, but very costly, occurrences. b) If the company writes only four of these policies, what are the mean and standard deviation of the annual profit?LetX1,X2, X3,†¦,Xn represent the annual profit on the n policies and let X be the random variable for the total annual profit on n polices written. X=X1+X2+ X3+†¦+Xn The expected value of the sum is the sum of the expected values. Find the expected value of the annual profit on each policy. EX1=EX2=EX3=EX4=$260 Now find the sum of the expected values. EX=EX1+EX2+EX3+EX4 =260+260+260+260 = $1040 Therefore, the mean annual profit is $1040 To find the standard deviation of the annual profit, use the fact that te variances of the sum of independent variables is the sum of their individual variances. First find the variance for each policy.The variance for the policy is the square of the standard deviation. VarX 1=VarX2=VarX3=VarX4=60002=36,000,000 VarX=VarX1+VarX2+VarX3+VarX4 = 4(36,000,000) = 144,000,000 Evaluate the square root of the variance to find the standard deviation. SDX=VarX =144,000,000 =$12,000 Therefore, the standard deviation is $12,000 c) If the company writes 10,000 of these policies, what are the mean and standard deviation of annual profit? The expected value of the sum is the sum of the expected values. The expected value of each policy was found earlier. EX1=EX2=EX3=†¦ =EX10,000=$260 Now find the sum of expected values. EX=EX1+EX2+EX3+†¦ +EX10,000 10,000(260) =$2,600,000 Therefore, the mean annual profit is $2,600,000 To find the standard deviation of the annual profit, use the fact that the variance of the sum of independent variables is the sum of their individual variances. First find the variance for each policy. The variance for the policy is the square of the standard deviation and was found earlier. VarX1=VarX2=VarX3= †¦ =VarX10,000=36,000,000 Now sum the variances to find the variances of the sum. VarX=VarX1+VarX2+VarX3+†¦ +VarX10,000 =10,000(36,000,000) =360,000,000,000 Evaluate the square root of the variance to find the standard deviation. SDX=Var(X) =360,000,000,000 $600,000 Therefore, the standard deviation is $600,000. d) Do you think the company is likely to be profitable? Recall that the mean annual profit for 10,000 policies is $2,600,000. While this number seems quite large, it is necessary to determine how likely a profit is to ensure that this company will be profitable. Find the distance in standard deviation of $0 from the mean to determine how rare an occurrence of no profit would be. z=x- =0-2,600,000600,000 =-4. 3 Thus, $0 is 4. 3 standard deviation below the mean. **Note that approximately 95% of the annual profits should lie within two standard deviations of the mean.Evaluate whether the distance of $0 from the mean is convincing enough to determine whether or not the company will be profitable. e) W hat assumptions underlie your analysis? Can you think of circumstances under which those assumptions might be violated? The variance of the sum of random variables is only the sum of the variances of each random variables in certain cases. Review the assumption that must be made to allow the variance to be the sum of the individual variances. Then chose the situation that would create an association among policy losses. 19) A farmer has 130 lbs. of apples and 60 lbs. f potatoes for sale. The market price for apples (per pound) each day is a random variable with a mean of 0. 8 dollars and a standard deviation of 0. 4 dollars. Similarly, for a pound of potatoes, the mean price is 0. 4 dollars and the standard deviation is 0. 2 dollars. It also costs him 5 dollars to bring all the apples and potato’s to the market. The market is busy with shoppers, so assume that he’ll be able to sell all of each type of produce at the day’s price. a) Define your random variables, and use them to express the farmer’s net income. A random variable’s outcome is bases on a random event.Therefore let the random variables represent the factors that will be randomly determined each day. The random variables should represent the market prices of the two items. A = price per pound of apples P = price per pound of potatoes The profit is equal to the total income minus the total cost. The income is found by multiplying the market price for apples by the total number of pounds sold and adding it to the product of the market price for potatoes and the number of pounds of potatoes sold. The total cost is the transparent cost. Profit = 130A + 60P – 5 b) Find the mean. The mean of the net income is the expected value of the profit.Profit = 130A + 60P – 5 E(Proft) = E(130A + 60P – 5) Use the property E(X + Y) = E(X) + E(Y) to express the expected value of the profit as the sum of two separate expected values E=(Profit) = E(130A +60P -5) = E [(130A) + (60P – 5)] = E(130A) + E(60P – 5) Now use the property EX ±c= E(X) ±c E(Profit) = E(130A) + E(60P – 5) = E(130A) + E(60P) – 5 Finally, use the property E(aX) = aE(X) to remove the coefficient from the expected values. E(Profit) = E(130A) + E(60P) – 5 = 130E(A) + 60E(P) – 5 Substitute the known expected values of the prices of apples and potatoes in the equation. E(Profit) = E(130A) + E(60P) – 5 E(0. 8) + E(0. 4) – 5 Evaluate the expected profit. E(Profit) = 130(0. 8) + 60(0. 4) – 5 = 123 Therefore, the mean is 123 dollars. c) Find the standard deviation of the net income. To find the standard deviation, first find the variance and then take the square root, since the properties useful in this case are in terms of variance and not standard deviation SD(Profit) = Var(Profit) = Var(130A+60P-5) First use the property Var(X + Y) = Var(X) + Var(Y) to express the variance of the profit as the sum of two separate v ariance Var(Profit) = Var(130A + 60P – 5) = Var[(130A) + (60P – 5)] =Var(130A) + Var(60P – 5)Now use the property Var(X  ± c) = Var(X) to simplify the second variance Vr(Profit) = Var(130A) + Var(60P – 5) = Var(130A) + Var(60P) Finally, use the property VaraX=a2VarX to restate each variance. Var(Profit) = Var(130A) + Var(60P) = 1302VarA+ 602VarP = 16,900Var(A) + 3600Var(P) Evaluate the variance of the profit. Var(Profit) = 16,900(0. 16) + 3600(0. 04) = 2848 Lastly, find the standard deviation, rounding to two decimal place. SD(Profit) = VarProfit = 2848 = 53. 37 Therefore, the standard deviation of the net income is 53. 37 dollars. d) Do you need to make any assumptions in calculating the mean?Recall that the mean of the sum of two or more random variables is the sum of the means. Determine what, if any, assumptions are made to use this property. Do you need to make any assumptions in calculating the standard deviation? Recall that the variance of the s um of two random variables is only the sum of their individual variances in certain cases, Determine what, if any, assumptions are made to use this property. 20) A salesman normally makes a sale (closes) on 65% of his presentations. Assuming the presentations are independent, find the probability of the following. ) He fails to close for the first time on his sixth attempt. Use the formula below to determine the probability, where p is the probability success, q=1 – p and X is the number of trails until the first success occurs. P(X=x) = qx-1p Find the values for p and q. **Note that in this case that a success is defined as failed to close p = 0. 35 q = 0. 65 Substitute and solve to find P(X=6). Rounding to four decimal places P(X=6) = qx-1p = 0. 656-1(0. 35) = 0. 0406 Therefore, the probability he fails to close for the first tie on his sixth attempt is 0. 0406 b) He closes his first presentation on his fifth attempt.Find the values for p and q. **Note that in this case tha t a success is defined as making a sale p = 0. 65 q = 0. 35 Substitute and solve to find P(X = 5), rounding to four decimal places P(X=5) = qx-1p = 0. 355-1(0. 65) = 0. 0098 Therefore, the probability he closes his first presentation on his fifth attempt is 0. 0098 c) The first presentation he closes will be on his second attempt. Find the values for p and q. Note that in this case that a success is defined as making a sale. p = 0. 65 q = 0. 35 Substitute and solve to find P(X=2) P(X=2) = qx-1p = 0. 352-1(0. 65) = 0. 2275Therefore, the probability the first presentation he closes will be on his second attempt is 0. 2275 d) The first presentation he closes will be on one of his first three attempts. Use the fact that the compliment of an even is equal to 1 – P(X=x) to find the probability. The compliment event is that he will not close a sale on any of his first three attempts. Find the probability that he does not close on his first three attempts, rounding to four decimal pl aces. 0. 353=0. 0429 Subtract from 1 to find the probability the first presentation he closes will be on one of his first three attempts 1 – 0. 429 = 0. 9571 Therefore, the probability the first presentation he closes will be on one of his first three attempts is 0. 9571 21) College students are a major target for advertisements for credit cards. At a university, 73% of students surveyed said that they had opened a new credit card account within the past year. If that percentage is accurate, how many students would you expect to survey before finding one who had not opened a new account in the past year? First check to see that the cells are Bernoulli trials. Trials are Bernoulli if the following three conditions are satisfied. 1.There are only two possible outcomes (called success and failure) for each trial. 2. The probability of success, denoted p, is the same on every trial. (The probability of failure, 1 – p is often denoted q. ) 3. The trials are independent Ther e are only two possible outcomes for each trial because a student either opened a credit card account in the past year or they did not. The probability of success is the same on every trial, based on the percent given in the problem statement. The trails are independent because each student’s response is not dependent on any other student’s response.Thus, the trials of surveying the students are Bernoulli trials. A geometric probability model models how long it will take to achieve the first success in a series of Bernoulli trials. Let X be the number of students that will have to be surveyed before finding the first student who did not open a credit card in the past year. The two outcomes are a student who did not open a credit card account in the past year *success) and a student who opened a credit card account in the past year (failure). The probability of a failure is given in the problem statement as q = 73% = 0. 73.Find the probability of success by subtracting this from 1. P = 1 – 0. 73 = 0. 27 Find the expected value of X. In a geometric model, the expected value is EX= 1p , where p is the probability of success. Round up to the nearest integer. EX=10. 27=4 Therefore, on average, you would expect to survey 4 students before finding one who had not opened a new account in the past year. 22) A certain tennis player makes a successful first serve 82% of the time/ Assume that each serve is independent of the others. If she serves 7 times, what’s the probability she gets a) all 7 serves in? b) exactly 5 serves in? ) at least 5 serves in? d) no more than 5 serves in? The first step is to check to see that these are Bernoulli trails. The first serves can be considered Bernoulli trials. There are only two possible outcomes, successful and unsuccessful. The probability of any first serve being good is given as p = 0. 82. Finally, it is assumed that each serve is independent of the others. Next define the random variable. Each questi on deals with the number of serves, so let X be the number of successful serves in n = 7 first serves. Now determine which probability model is appropriate for these problems.Recall that geometric probability models deal with how long it will take to achieve a success. A binomial probability model describes the number of successes in a specific number of trails. All the question deal with the number of successful serves so the binomial probability model Binom(7,0. 82 is appropriate here. a) all 7 serves in? The probability that she ges all 7 serves in is P(X=7). To use the binomial probability model Binom(n,p), use the fallowing formula, where n is the number of trials, p is the probability of success, q is the probability of failure (q = 1 – p), and X is the number of successes in n trials.PX=x= nxpxqn – x, where nx= n! x! n-x! First substitute the correct values into the formula PX=7= 770. 8270. 187- 7 Now simplify. P(X = 7) ? 0. 249 Therefore, the probability that s he gets all 7 serves in is approximately 0. 249 binomPDF(7, . 82, 7) = b) exactly 5 serves in? The probability she gets exactly 5 serves in is P(X = 5). As in part a, use the formula PX=x= nxpxqn – x to find this probability PX=5= 750. 8250. 187 – 5 ?0. 252 Therefore, the probability she gets exactly 5 serves in is approximately 0. 252 binomPDF(7, . 82, 5) = c) at least 5 serves in?To find P(at least 5 serves in), first determine and an expression that is equal to this probability. Note that the wording â€Å"at least 5†, means 5 or more, meaning that there can 5, 6, or 7 serves in. Thus, the probability equals P(X=5) + P(X=6) + P(X=7). So to find the probability that she got at least 5 serves in, evaluate. P(X=5) + P(X=6) + P(X=7) = 75(0. 82)50. 187-5+76(0. 82)6(0. 18)7-6+77(0. 82)7(0. 18)7-7 ?0. 885 Therefore, the probability she gets at least 5 serves in is approximately 0. 885 binomPDF(7, . 82, 5) + binomPDF(7, . 82, 6) + binomPDF(7, . 82, 7) = d) no more th an 5 serves in?To find P(no more than 5), first determine an expression that is equal to this probability. Note that the wondering â€Å"no more than 5† means 5 or less, meaning that there can be 0 thru 5 successful serves. Thus, the probability equals P(X? 5). So to find the probability that there are no more than 5 serves in, evaluate P(X? 5), which is equal to P(X=0) + P(X=1) + †¦ + P(X=5), using the formula PX=x= nxpxqn – x P(X=0) + P(X=1) + †¦ + P(X=5) = 70(0. 82)00. 187-0+71(0. 82)1(0. 18)7-1 + †¦ + 75(0. 82)5(0. 18)7-5 ? 0. 368 Therefore, the probability that there are no more than 5 serves in is approximately 0. 368 binomCDF(7, . 82, 5)

Finding Freedom: What it is and what it’s not Essay

Abstract Human freedom could very well be the most controversial topic in our society. To some, human freedom is the freedom to be educated, to work and provide financially for yourself and your family. The freedom to drive a motor vehicle. To vote for the president you truly believe in. To move about freely from one city, state, country or continent to another. In this report, I will investigate the perceived legitimacy of these freedoms, amongst others, and expose the variations in the definition of this word â€Å"freedom.† Finding freedom Many aspects of life come to mind when one is brought the question, â€Å"are you free?† The average person would say yes, they are. But, what does free actually mean? Most would say the ability to choose from any option dictating their personal future. But, there is a contingency to every decision we make and every freedom or option we have. We all want to make our own choices and decide which direction we want our life to go in, but that comes with a price. That price could very likely be one that we may not be willing to pay. Is that actually freedom? In order to take advantage of the freedom to drive an automobile, you must first pass a written test. Following the written test, you are required to pass a road test and pay the fees to become a licensed driver. Not to mention that you must have current insurance to even drive a vehicle after you’ve done all these things. With that said, you have the freedom to operate a motor vehicle, but you don’t have the fre edom to do so without first successfully completing the aforementioned steps. The United States boasts the fact that all of its citizens have the freedom to travel freely, both within and outside of its borders. Of course there is a contingency. They must know where you are going and for how long as well as other information one probably wouldn’t offer it that were not required to exercise their â€Å"freedom.† Describing human freedom is problematic at best as most see simply as the ability to do what you want. Jerry A. Coyne (2012) Stated that while people do have the ability to do what they want, what they want is predetermined by laws just like the laws of physics. In that sense, our so-called freedom is already within certain boundaries. Not realizing this, it’s even harder to understand that we already exercise our freedom within boundaries of the natural boundaries that have already existed. Finding freedom The idea of human freedom fits into the field of sociology though the fact that ones personal idea of being free directly results in the decisions that person makes. The collective decisions of a society shape a society. The degree of freedom one feels varies from person to person, but however free they feel actually indirectly shapes their society. Understanding this concept can grant invaluable insight on the dynamics of a society and their patterns of behavior. James M. Buchanan (1975) suggested that social stability requires an agreement on and enforcement of a structure of individual rights, meaning that in a society there is a general consensus that they all have the freedom to act in tolerable ways and make certain decisions. This also promotes the idea that there are still boundaries to the freedom we perceive and fight to keep. It’s fairly obvious at this point that freedom is not exactly what most would think it is and that the term is often confused with free will. John Locke (1997) believed that free will was the ability to override instinct. For instance, if one is hungry and they chooses not to eat to do something else, they have exercised their free will. But with true freedom, one would be able to choose not to eat at all. We know that we have freedom of speech and press and all of the other amendment, but they were given to us. True freedom has no proposal and enactment date. You either have it or you don’t. The fact is that the conundrum called freedom is actually not freedom at all. In James M. Buchanan’s (1975) study of commonality and non-economic interaction, he stated that freedom as a norm or rule for social intercourse has little or no meaning until or unless individuals are first identified in terms of acknowledged limits of behavior. With that said, if we all carried on with no interaction and did what ever we wanted to, that would be as close as we could ever get to freedom. Within a society, culture or family setting, there will always be a behavioral boundary. While we have the free will to make decisions within those boundaries, we do not have the freedom to make our own boundaries as long as we are a part of a society. Finding freedom Further research into the concept of human freedom, I believe, would offer a great deal of value to the field of sociology. One’s own sense of freedom plays a huge part in their day to day actions and what path they choose in their own life. Sociology, by definition, is the study of the development, structure and functioning of human society. The development of society is based on decisions made by those who lead the way of development and the citizens who decided elect them based on their own sense and concept of freedom. It is my understanding that the very foundation of a society is the peoples’ sense of freedom, collectively, and they make choices based on that sense of freedom. This could give insight into the research of crime, poverty and suicide rates as well as chronic depression and people who are withdrawn from society. Finding Freedom Discussion Though it may not be easy to grasp immediately, that our sense of freedom is what drives us, at this point it would be hard to object. Dr. Mark Cooray (1997) explained freedom is the liberty of the individual coupled with concern by the liberated individual for the liberties of others. In other words what we call freedom is merely a box that we are allowed to move about freely within. Only because our actions affect others and their sense of freedom do we have to operate within the confines of freedom. That leads me to believe that true freedom can only be achieved by on outside of a society or one happens to be an exception to the rule. It has been found that no one can truly be free without encroaching the freedom of another within their society. According the John Locke (1997) freedom is merely a better word for free will, when thought of literally, as there is no tangible concept of actually freedom. With that said, I can still conclude that people still do not feel as free as they actually are although still confined to the boundaries of freedom. This inference, I believe, could help with the research of several of societies ailments and perhaps empower some of those who may feel helpless and resort to deviant means. Finding Freedom References James M. Buchanan (1975). The Paradox of â€Å"Being Governed† – James M. Buchanan, The Collected Works of James M. Buchanan, vol. 7 (The Limits of Liberty: Between Anarchy and Leviathan) Jerry A. Coyne (2012). Why you really don’t have free will. USA Today John Locke (1997). What is human freedom?

To What Extent was the European ‘Scramble for Africa’...

The ‘scramble for Africa’ was a phenomenon in the world between the years 1880-1914. The ‘dark continent’ was relatively untouched by Europeans up until this point, with few ports of control on the coasts in the west, which were remnants of the slave trade, and in the south, Britain held the Cape, taken from the Dutch during the French Revolutionary Wars. So, during a period of 30 years, it came to pass that almost the whole of Africa was taken by Europeans. (Except Liberia a colony for freed American slaves, and Abyssinia managed to hold out against Italian aggression). It will be my objective in this essay to analyse the economic factors which resulted in the almost complete colonisation and takeover of Africa, and also to determine to†¦show more content†¦Thereafter thousands of British immigrated to South Africa to work in or control the mining industry. It could be said that the ‘history of twentieth-century southern Africa is to a very l arge extent dominated by the history of mining’ which to a certain extent is true. Most of the imperial expansion in South Africa at first glance does appear to have economic reasons. This can be further seen with Cecil Rhodes when he extended British influence to the northern reaches of South Africa in search for a second rand in which his whole expedition looks to be like conquistadores in search of land and gold . In 1910 the Transvaal republic was annexed by Britain, while economic reasons seem reasonable at first it can be argued that ‘political control of the Transvaal was not sought in order to control the gold-mines nor secure access to the supply of gold’ , that the British wanted to unify the region as part of the British Empire. Originally however, the importance of South Africa to the British was to protect the sea route to India, which was still vital, even after the Suez Canal was built, because the British were sure that they could defend the Cape with their naval strength, but were not so sure about the defence of the Suez if needed. Gallagher and Robinson assert that ‘Great Britain was in South Africa primarily to safeguard the routes to the east’ . However, this is still an economic factor. That Britain wanted to protect trade and strategy in the east, and whileShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Economics And Finance On Influencing Britain s Relationship With Its African Empire1917 Words   |  8 Pagessignificance of economics and finance in influencing Britain’s relationship with its African empire in the period c1870-c1981 Between 1870 to 1981, economic factors occurred throughout the 111 years. For a clearer explanation, Africa is divided into North, East, West and South, this enables us to analyse what the British Empire done in certain areas of Africa. Events within this period can be divided into three time periods, these are: 1870-1902 Expansion – this is mainly about the Scramble for Africa and InformalRead MoreChina in Africa Essay20116 Words   |  81 Pagesnews from the Nordic Africa Institute from the Nordic Africa Institute numBer 3 novemBer 2007 from the contents china and Africa Fantu Cheru theme: AfricAn Agriculture Agriculture and the World Bank Atakilte Beyene Property rights Kjell Havnevik Tor A. Benjaminsen Espen Sjaastad inequality and climate change contents to our reAders AfricAn Agriculture 1 3 november 2007 Carin Norberg African agriculture and the World Bank: development or impoverishment? AtakilteRead MoreThe End Of World War II And Creation Of The United Nations4715 Words   |  19 Pagesthrough socio-economic decline to expand their economy, joined forces to propagate the global economic growth and strength. It further describes the beneficial relationship of the US and China to international society by their constructive roles and responsibilities. The essay also highlights the different ways in which these two robust economies in respect to their dual agreement have influenced global trades and finance, investment, African development, Asian and American economic expansion. ThisRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthe Contributors †¢ 343 _ IN TR OD UC TIO N Michael Adas B y any of the customary measures we deploy to demarcate historical epochs, the twentieth century does not appear to be a very coherent unit. The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet UnionRead MoreAbolition of Universal Banking in Nigeria - Implication for Nigerian Banks10849 Words   |  44 PagesBASEL III AND ABOLITION OF UNIVERSAL BANKING MODEL – IMPLICATION FOR NIGERIAN BANKS Introduction: In the aftermath of the economic recession which pulled down many global banks and exposed multiple weaknesses in regulation and banking structures, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision agreed to new rules on the minimum level (capital ratio) and composite structure of Banks capital on the 12th of September, 2010. Broadly speaking, the new rules which are widely referred to as Basel III (and areRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesStrategic Marketing Management Dedication This book is dedicated to the authors’ wives – Gillian and Rosie – and to Ben Gilligan for their support while it was being written. Acknowledgements Our thanks go to Janice Nunn for all the effort that she put in to the preparation of the manuscript. Strategic Marketing Management Planning, implementation and control Third edition Richard M.S. Wilson Emeritus Professor of Business Administration The Business School Loughborough University Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesthe illustrations and the short case examples at the end of each chapter (in both versions of the book) this increases the reader’s and tutor’s choice. For example, when deciding on material for Chapter 2, the case example, Global Forces and the European Brewing Industry, tests a reader’s understanding of the main issues inï ¬â€šuencing the competitive position of a number of organisations in the same industry with a relatively short case. For a case that permits a more comprehensive industry analysisRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesContemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership, Fifth Edition Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act ofRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesSENIOR MEDIA EDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia Alana Filipovich Jeof Vita Arthur Medina Allison Morris This book was set in 10/12 New Caledonia by Aptara ®, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Westford. The cover was printed by Courier/Westford. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  © 2009, 2006, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1986, 1981, 1976 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. NoRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesUniversity of Oregon Executive MBA program. He has been a member of the Portland, Oregon, chapter of the Project Management Institute since 1984. In 1995 he worked as a Fulbright scholar with faculty at the Krakow Academy of Economics on modernizing Polish business education. In 2005 he was a visiting professor at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand. He received a B.A. in psychology from Claremont McKenna College and a Ph.D. in management from State University of New York at Buffalo. He is a certified

Looking for a Fresh New Start Essay - 1339 Words

Illegal immigration has been an ongoing issue in the political arena for the past decade with immigration laws still being discussed. To immigrate means to come into a country of which one is not a native for permanent residence. The United States is a nation founded by people who emigrated on the principle of freedom. What would our forefathers think if there could see the issues facing their nation today? There are many issues surrounding immigration policy such as national security, border patrol, deportation, lack of jobs, and lower wages. The United States needs to adopt policies to further correct the current laws for legal and illegal immigration. President Obama addressed the DREAM Act at The State of the Union last month urging†¦show more content†¦The PATRIOT Act addressed legal issues such as the expansion of criminal terrorism laws, wiretapping, banking regulations, and the sharing of information between the various governmental foreign and domestic intelligence agencies. The Act expanded the governments ability to detain and deport suspected terrorists, greatly increased the budget for immigration enforcement, and tripled the number of U.S. Border Patrol on the northern border (Hines 12). Mark Krikorian lays out three packages of policies regarding immigration enforcement and numbers a basic plan, an upgraded plan, and a premium plan. The basic package consists of two main goals with regard to illegal immigration fencing and mandating all employers use the E-Verify system. Two more goals with regard to legal immigration ending the visa lottery and eliminating brother- sister chain migration. â€Å"But even this stripped-down basic package has to include more than just hardening the border. Limiting the demand for illegals by weakening the attraction of employment is at least as important as limiting the supply by fencing† (Krikorian 36). The visa lottery was invented in 1986 as a way to grant amnesty to Irish illegal aliens and has since morphed into a program that provides green cards at random to foreigners (Krikorian 36). Kirkorian expresses concerns due to â€Å"60,000 adult siblings of U.S. citizens who are allowed to migrate to the United States each yea r simply because of theirShow MoreRelatedEssay on Osmotic Power: Hydroelectricity at Its Finest754 Words   |  4 Pages Simply mixing fresh water and salt water can create energy. This sentence is read by most and disregarded as a lie, joke, and fantasy; but to few, educated humans it is a reality that is happening right in front of us and has enormous, worldwide potential. This hidden energy that seems so simple, but has such a promising future ahead of it is referred to as osmotic energy. Osmosis is the process by which molecules of a solvent pass through a semi permeable membrane from a less concentrated solutionRead MoreCommunity Prosecution : New York941 Words   |  4 PagesPaul Howard. D.A Howard saw the need to make neighborhoods safer. Even with law enforcement patrolling the streets of Atlanta, neighborhood crimes continued to increase. A few years ago, D.A. Howard visited King’s County District Attorney’s Office in New York, and during his visit he learne d about community prosecution. Mr. Howard discovered the solution but he needed the citizens backing and support. The main key to establishing community prosecution was getting local communities involved and themRead MoreUnit 4 Assignment Essay798 Words   |  4 Pagescurrent need. All of the other companies have updated what they have to offer to all age groups that are using the internet. Google is definitely cornering the market in searches, apps and email. This is a company they need to look at for building new and better ways of running the company. This has caused a demand for Tech Workers, where there is little supply of them available. In order to make sure they can recruit a great base of Tech Workers to get the company back on track, they need toRead MoreThe Dangers Of The Polar Ice Caps903 Words   |  4 Pagesnormally do. Olds uses intense imagery to show us the diseases we are suffering from; while biblical allusions show her desire for the world to be destroyed and recreated better than before. The speaker is talking about the end of the world and is looking back at the journey that was taken to get to this point. Olds draws a few things to our attention starting with poverty and homelessness. Olds brings up poverty and homelessness by saying â€Å"the woman dressed in newspapers† (16-17). The lady is in aRead MoreCleaning Essay935 Words   |  4 PagesDo you know the average person spend thirty minutes on their wardrobe just to contemplate for a specific item they need? Are you tired of using your messy and unorganized closet and would like a new appearance with low cost? Having a well-organized closet will save you a lot of time preparing in the morning. The main purpose of organizing a wardrobe was to minimize your belongings around the place and help you systemize your room. By following the steps accordingly, you will have an organized andRead MoreBusiness Plan-Example Essay1322 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ RUSH BAKERS RESTAURANT (PVT) LTD No 56 New Bus Stand Nittambuwa Telephone -0773892174 Fax-0338937268 Table of Contents 1.Executive Summary 2 1.1Objectives 1.2 Mission 2.Company summary 3 2.1 Company ownership 3.Start-up summary 3 4. Products and Services 4 5. Market Analysis Summary 4 5.1 Market Segmentation 5.2 Target Market Segment Strategy 6. Strategy and Implementation Summary 5 6.1 Competitive Edge 6.2 Marketing Strategy 6.3 Sales Strategy 6.4 Read MoreCupcake1017 Words   |  5 Pagesa digital health company is one of the best alternatives out there right now. It might be a thought out of nowhere but working for a digital health company is an actual viable option for fresh grads and young adults. Why digital health companies over other options? Here are five good reasons why you should start working for digital health companies. 1. The industry has room for growth. The digital health industry is very young compared to the likes of real estate and banking. We only acquiredRead MoreEssay : Let Us Help You Find Treatment?791 Words   |  4 PagesLet Us Help You Find Treatment No matter what kind of rehab you’re looking for, we can help you find it. Our treatment specialists can connect you with an inpatient drug rehab or outpatient detox center based on your location, budget and needs. Whether You’re Looking For: Luxury rehabs – If you’re looking for a resort-like atmosphere combined with highly trained staff, luxury rehab may be the treatment option for you. Luxury rehabs offer the finest facilities, amenities and services in the mostRead MoreThe Consumption Of Coffee For America927 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause caffeine is the key ingredient. Caffeine is used as a kick-start for most people in the morning for an extra energy boost. However, once that feeling of extra energy subsides the human body begins to feel exhausted. A new product that we wish to add to the menu will be an invigorating lemonade. This new product will only be offered during the summer months of June, July, and August. Depending on how well our clients respond to our new drink, we will eventually add to the flavors of lemonade availableRead MoreEssay on Red Lobster case analysis912 Words   |  4 Pagesoriginally was founded in 1968 and gained tremendous popularity back then by offering fresh seafood for everybody. They made it easily accessible and approachable. However, over several extremely successful decades of rapid growth and many new restaurants, Red Lobster in 2004 was becoming out of date and out of touch with today’s customer. The company with more than 40-year experience in seafood restaurants, with its new leading CEO Kim Lopdrup now has invested in extensive market research. The results

Essay about BSBWRT401A Assessment 1 Full NameWorked Copy

BSBWRT401A Write complex documents Assessment 1. SECTION 1: PLAN DOCUMENTS Activity 1: Determine the purpose of documents Scenario You work for a financial planning organisation that manages thousands of client’s portfolios and accounts. Recently there have been several changes in the industry that only affects clients who have share portfolios. For some clients, the changes will have a negative effect on their investments and for other clients, this will mean that they will be receiving good news. You have been asked to write a document to all clients that asks them to attend an information session regarding the changes that will affect their share portfolio performance. 1. Describe the purpose of this document. (For example, is it†¦show more content†¦In preparing the bi-annual sales figures report, what would be the most logical way to present the data and information? It would be best to use a diagram to compare the figures quickly and easily. I would order the information in lists with the most sales at the top and the least at the bottom. To help the readers understand the report I would use pie charts for each period with the different sales segments in corresponding colours. Activity 4: Develop overview of structure and contents of documents 1. How you can develop an overview of the structure and content of the document. I would brain storm. Research relevant industry codes and practices. If I was using a team I would make an action plan to delegate different tasks to team members with a time line and dates for completion. Look at who the audience is (who is the document for ?) What is the purpose of the document? How to convey the information most effectively to the audience. 2. Why do documents need to be structured? To be more clear and easy to read. To keep interest of the reader. To present the information in a logical order. SECTION 2: DRAFT TEXT Activity 5: Review and organise available data, information and knowledge according to proposed structure and content 1. When communicating, messages must be appropriate to the needs of the audience, the subject and the

Marketing Strategies of Ecommerce ALIBABA Company †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Introduction to Ecommerce ALIBABA Company. Answer: Introduction The paper demonstrates how ALIBABA is using ecommerce to realize its global growth especially by launching its outlet in Australia. In the paper, some of the benefits the ALIABAB has gained have been highlighted. Further, the marketing strategies of the company have been identified, and the underlying factor of the design of the website and its benefits in terms of security and service delivery has been noted. The emergence of ecommerce has brought about vigorous changes in not only ALIBABA but also to the business industry at large. Apparently, almost all the businesses strive to ensure they have incorporated integrated electronic systems in their business process with the aim of improving efficiency, effectiveness, and accuracy. Ecommerce involves the transfer of information and exchange of goods and services using electronic devices with the aid of a computer network (In Nah, F. F.-H, In Tan, C.-H. 2016).. Businesses like ALIBABA have identified ecommerce as a significant option of generating more revenues for the company by developing online stores like the AliExpress.com because of the increased demand of online customers. Ecommerce accommodates the vertical dynamics that exist in ALIBABA because it has revolutionized how customers and companies interact with one another. You realize most companies have taken most of their services online. Like in the U.S almost 60 percent of customers now enjoy the benefit of ecommerce. The clients make online orders and the goods are delivered at the comfort of their homes. Companies like Amazon, EBay, and PayPal are amongst the many competitor companies that are offering services over the internet. Another comprehensive benefit of ecommerce in ALIBABA business expansion is that, ecommerce has boosted convenience and easiness of making online purchase. By this I mean, ecommerce has been the most preferred means of making online purchases for this company. Therefore, ALIBABA gives the client the freedom of checking on the variety of goods on the online store, then picks or order the most preferred after which he can make payment using electronic money transfer channels to complete the transaction. This has enabled the facilitation and simultaneous way of carrying out activities from the comfort of our homes. Therefore, there is convenience it terms of saving time and cost which could have been used for logistic purposes. Also, there is huge information to both the customers and the host business. Nowadays, almost all the information of the vendor is provided and readily available for all people to see. As such customers find the information they want at a glance maybe when they search for a particular product chain. Besides, the business can use the information provided in the virtual community platform to do analytics and evaluate the effectiveness of customers and sales, even the marketing campaigns, and product mix and more by using software aided programs like customer relationship management and many more. Ecommerce has contributed to the scalability of the ALIBABA whereby it is easy to meet the customer demands and adjust accordingly to access various market segments. Therefore, the business is more likely identify niches and expand their coverage market. As a matter of fact, access each client or seller physically might never happen but the inception of electronic stores has facilitated the same. Thus, customers can search for the products they want over the web and make a purchase from anywhere without any worry. Ecommerce has contributed to decreased overhead cost at the same time creating brand awareness of ALIBABA. By opting for ecommerce, ALIBABA cut down advertisement cost, lowering the number of employees, and eliminating travelling cost. Advertising is important to any company but once the business has opted for ecommerce, some cost effective channels like social media platforms, organic search engines, and pay per click can be alternatives. Reducing staff will happen as a result of automating the business process; inception of inventory and billing systems will lower the cost of salaries. Travel cost is eliminated to both the client and the seller because transactions can happen from anywhere. The ultimate advantage of all this is that, that business will utilize and maximize on profit to expand further by saving the extra coin saved by introducing ecommerce business. Basically, ALIBABA runs on business to business model and business to consumer model, and consumer to consumer model in Australia. Business to business model in the sense that, ALIBABA is involving other companies with the electronic fund transfer systems to facilitate transactions. ALIABABA has incorporated the use of credit cards, and EBay, and PayPal into their system hence facilitating the purchase of products and services from the site (Ho Ng 1994). B to B models involves two or more companies coming together with the aim of doing business together (Magretta, 2002). For instance, Lazada ALIABABA subsidiary is working with Australia Post to expand their storefront to Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore. The merger will help Australia based businesses to sell their products on those platforms of foreign market. On the other hand, a business to consumer m model is the most prevalent model that is being embraced by the company not only in Australia but also to the rest of the stores. The stores like TOABOA are meant to offers a variety of commodities on the platform. The platform has barely almost every product you may want. The model entails customers engaging to purchase the products from the platform of ALIBABA. The consumers have the freedom to obtain household items like home dcor, electronics, fashions, and utensils from the site. Another prominent business model exhibited by the company is consumer to consumer model (Teece, 2010). Since the launch of ALIBABA in Australia, the aim was to expand their market share at the same time maximizing profits. Tmall offers a platform where consumers meet other consumers and can exchange goods and services as long as the need of the two parties is met. This models is popular because a consumer can acquire a product on the same site and immediately pose as a willing seller for the same product. Undoubtedly, the product will get the buyer regardless of the time taken to resell it. Thus, ALIBABA generates revenue from the fixed user fees and sales commissions according to the company`s terms of trade. The website design and the general outlook is another contributing factor that encourages clients to use the platform. First, ALIBABA has been ranked top among the search engines in Google, therefore, customers are able to find the site immediately they search it on the web. The site is simple and easy to navigate. Products are arranged according to their chain and customers are able to get a variety of products because products of a particular chain are grouped hence easy to find substitutes. In general, the site is appealing to many and customers cannot get bored by visiting the site regularly. Speculations have been there about the strategies that ALIBABA is trying to deploy to penetrate further unto the Australian market but the strategies are not different from those used to penetrate other markets. The launching of ALIABA in Australia is something that the management has figured out and made a penetration plan. The penetration to Australia was part of the globalization strategy of ALIBABA (Glowik, 2017). ALIBABA has decided to achieve globalization in the marketplace by encouraging more companies to join their line of business, involving and developing a rapport with various governments, and supporting the existing merchants to get the nest out of the business. ALIBABA is doing the same in Australia by tapping in more Australia sellers to the platform which will expand its market share in Australia, at the same time increasing user base which will increase foreign inventory. Apart from this, ALIABA plans to introduce its cloud services and its Alipay; a payment system in the region. This strategy will help the company to realize its objective of operating internationally in the marketplace consequently meeting its global growth. Since ecommerce involves sophisticated and complex information ALIBABA has deployed a customer relationship management system. The CRM helps businesses to analyze the sales information, the customer effectiveness, and market mix by using the information offered on the site (Ngai, 2005). The information and data collected helped the ALIABABA to make quick decisions regarding the market dynamics by coming up with a strategic plan to counter issues affecting the business. Also, ALIBABA is using this system to identify and target new customers and how to manage marketing campaigns. Also, the system helps the management to check and respond to customer needs in time to ensure they listen to what the client requires. Besides, the data provide market feedback hence ALIABABA is in a position to determine the criterion to use in advertising, communication, and the technology to input. In conclusion, ALIBABA is among the many companies that for a long time have utilized the inception of electronic business and as a result they have tremendous climbed up the ladder towards achieving global growth. Ecommerce is the core contributor to the expansion of ALIBABA and its recognition in the marketplace. Effectiveness and efficiency in the business process has been achieved by the use of CRM as well us increasing the customer base in almost all parts of the world. ALIABAB taking its business online buy introducing online stores Tmall and TOABOA is the hallmark of the success of ALABABA. I would like to recommend to ALABABA to introduce a live chat system where the support team can instantly engage with the potential visitors on the website to ensure 24/7 support system hence transparency and convenience would be dealt with. References Glowik,M. 2017.Global Strategy in the Service Industries: Dynamics, Analysis, Growth. Milton: Taylor and Francis. Ho, S. S., Ng, V. T. 1994. Customers' risk perceptions of electronic payment systems.International Journal of Bank Marketing,12(8), 26-38. In Nah, F. F.-H, In Tan, C.-H. (2016).HCI in Business, Government, and Organizations: eCommerce and Innovation: Third International Conference, HCIBGO 2016, Held as Part of HCI International 2016, Toronto, Canada, July 17-22, 2016, Proceedings, Part I. Magretta, J., 2002. Why business models matter. Ngai, E.W., 2005. Customer relationship management research (1992-2002) An academic literature review and classification.Marketing intelligence planning,23(6), pp.582-605. Sixtus, T. (1999).U.S. Patent No. 5,903,721. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Teece, D.J., 2010. Business models, business strategy and innovation.Long range planning,43(2), pp.172-194.

Lab Report Electrical Conductivity free essay sample

Lab Report Electrical Conductivity Introduction There are some substances that are capable of conducting electricity, and the reason they conduct electricity is because of the type of compound the substance is. Electrolytes or any ionic compound conduct electricity and nonelectrolytes do not conduct electricity. An Ionic compound is formed from the electrical attraction between anions and cations, typically a metal with a non-metal, except hydrogen. When an ionic compound forms, the anion transfers an electron to the cation which creates an electrostatic bond and an electrically neutral compound. Also, they readily dissolve in aqueous solutions and are good conductors of heat and electricity. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Electrical Conductivity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Further, ionic compounds can be classified as either strong conductors or weak conductors. In contrast, molecular compounds are formed from non-metals. Molecular compounds share electrons between atoms forming a covalent bond. In general, molecular compounds do not dissolve readily in solution and are poor conductors of heat and electricity. They are classified as non-electrolyte compounds. The reason of why electrolytes or ionic compounds are supposed to conduct electricity is because of the charge of the molecule, ionic compounds can have either a really positive or a really negative charge. This charge in the molecule makes it easier to electrons to move from molecule to molecule; therefore an electric current is generated. On the other hand, covalent compounds, either polar or non-polar, are not capable of conducting electricity. This is because they have more balanced charges and it is harder for electrons to move from one particle to another one. Also one has to take into account that when dealing with mixtures, if it contains one ionic compound and a covalent compound, its conductivity will be affected by the covalent compound and it probably won’t transmit an electric current. In this experiment, six different substances will be used in order to etermine their electrical conductivity. Objectives To know, determine and prove which substances are capable to conduct electricity and which substances can’t conduct electricity and if any of these six following substances can conduct electricity by submerging two copper wires connected to a battery that powers up a light bulb when electric current is present and the copper wire conduct it. Also being able to explain at the end the cause of w hy some substances were not capable to transmit an electric current while other substances could. Material †¢ 9V battery †¢ 3 copper wires †¢ 1 small light bulb †¢ 7up †¢ Physiological serum (Electrolytes) †¢ Gatorade †¢ Sucrose 1% †¢ NaCl 10% †¢ KCl 5% †¢ 2 screws Method 1. Connect the copper wires to the battery and the light bulb, (first wire) one end goes to the battery and the other end is left aside, (second wire) one end goes to the battery and the other goes to the light bulb, (third wire) one end goes to a metal part next to the light bulb and the other end is left aside. Then we put the screws on the ends that were left aside. 2. Gather the ends of the system to check if it works 3. Submerge the ends in the solutions of KCl, NaCl and Sucrose (one by one) 4. After trying with one solution, wash the endings in the glassed label as â€Å"water† and dry it with a napkin. 5. Change the solution, check the conductivity and repeat step 4. 6. After trying with KCl, NaCl and Sucrose, repeat step 4 but with Gatorade, 7up and the serum. Results SOLUTION |TYPE OF BOND |ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY | |*KCl 5% |IONIC |WEAK | | | |(Electrolyte) | |*NaCl 10% |IONIC |WEAK | | | |(Electrolyte | |Sucrose |COVALENT |NONE | | | |(Non electrolyte) | |7up |COVALENT |NONE | | |(Non elecrolyte) | |Serum(electrolytes) |COVALENT |NONE | | | |(Non elecrolyte) | |Gatorade |COVALENT |NONE | | | |(Non elecrolyte) | *Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and Potassium Chloride presented formation of bubbles. Discussion/Conclusion â€Å"This practice was about knowing about which substances con duct electricity (electrolytes) and which ones don’t (non electrolytes) as well as knowing what happened with the substances that conducted electricity and with the ones that didn’t. Just two substances conducted electricity (NaCl and KCl) this happened because when they are dissolved in water the atoms that make up these substances come apart from each other and they start floating around individually, this permits the freely movement of ions. In contrast sucrose didn’t conduct electricity because it breaks up but in a different way; it breaks up into the individual molecules that make it up but these molecules don’t break up in the individual atoms, they stay as molecules and start floating. One of the strangest thing was that serum didn’t conduct electricity even though it contains electrolytes. It might be because one of the substances that it includes is sucrose which is a type of sugar. † -Melissa Munoz UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE NUEVO LEON CENTRO DE INVESTIGACION Y DESARROLLO DE EDUCACION BILINGUE